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Struktur Prospektus & Risiko Material dalam IPO

Struktur Prospektus & Risiko Material dalam IPO ⚖️ Reina Natamihardja 💼 Professional Legal Insight • 📑 Corporate & Civil Law • ...

Struktur Prospektus & Risiko Material dalam IPO

⚖️ Reina Natamihardja

💼 Professional Legal Insight • 📑 Corporate & Civil Law • 🎯 Strategic Advisory

Struktur Prospektus & Risiko Material dalam IPO

Analisis Hukum – Pasar Modal & Penawaran Umum

I. Pendahuluan: Fungsi Prospektus sebagai Dokumen Utama IPO
Prospektus merupakan dokumen hukum wajib dalam Penawaran Umum Perdana (IPO). Berdasarkan Pasal 1 angka (26) UU No. 8/1995 tentang Pasar Modal, prospektus adalah informasi tertulis yang ditujukan kepada calon pemodal. Dokumen ini memuat seluruh informasi material yang diperlukan investor untuk menilai kelayakan investasi.

Dasar hukumnya mencakup:

  • UU No. 8/1995 tentang Pasar Modal
  • POJK 7/2017, 8/2017, 9/2017, 23/2017
  • Ketentuan Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI)

II. Struktur Wajib Prospektus Menurut POJK
Prospektus lengkap wajib berisi informasi penawaran, faktor risiko, penggunaan dana, informasi emiten, laporan keuangan auditan, litigasi, strategi usaha, hingga kebijakan dividen.

1. Informasi Penawaran
Meliputi jumlah saham yang ditawarkan, harga, jadwal IPO, serta struktur penjaminan (underwriting).

2. Faktor Risiko Material
Bagian ini berfungsi melindungi investor. Risiko wajib bersifat spesifik, relevan, dan material. Klasifikasinya meliputi:

  • Risiko industri (regulasi, kompetisi, volatilitas harga)
  • Risiko perusahaan (ketergantungan pemasok, pendanaan, sengketa hukum)
  • Risiko keuangan (likuiditas, nilai tukar, kredit)

III. Penggunaan Dana Hasil IPO
Perusahaan wajib menjelaskan rencana penggunaan dana secara proporsional, seperti ekspansi usaha, pembayaran utang, modal kerja, atau investasi teknologi.

IV. Informasi Emiten & Model Bisnis
Prospektus memuat uraian lengkap tentang sejarah perusahaan, struktur organisasi, pemegang saham, anak usaha, strategi bisnis, serta keunggulan kompetitif.

V. Laporan Keuangan Auditan
Laporan keuangan minimal 2 tahun terakhir harus diaudit dengan opini Wajar Tanpa Pengecualian (WTP). Pengungkapan atas transaksi material dan pihak berelasi juga wajib dicantumkan.

VI. Informasi Hukum
Bagian hukum merupakan hasil Uji Tuntas Hukum (Legal Due Diligence) oleh Konsultan Hukum, meliputi:

  • Legalitas perusahaan
  • Izin usaha
  • Aset & kepemilikan
  • Perjanjian material
  • Litigasi & sengketa

VII. Prinsip Pengungkapan Risiko
Pengungkapan risiko wajib mengikuti prinsip:

  • Materiality (risiko signifikan)
  • Specificity (risiko rinci, bukan umum)
  • Fair & Balanced
  • Forward-looking disclosure

VIII. Tanggung Jawab Hukum atas Isi Prospektus
Menurut Pasal 80–82 UUPM, direksi, komisaris, pemegang saham utama, underwriter, dan profesi penunjang bertanggung jawab atas kebenaran prospektus. Informasi yang menyesatkan dapat menimbulkan:

  • Tanggung jawab perdata (ganti rugi)
  • Sanksi administratif OJK
  • Sanksi pidana Pasal 104 UUPM

IX. Kesimpulan
Prospektus adalah fondasi transparansi dalam IPO, memberikan perlindungan kepada investor dan memastikan perusahaan memenuhi standar keterbukaan serta tata kelola yang sehat.

I. Introduction: The Prospectus as the Core IPO Document
The prospectus is a mandatory legal document in any Initial Public Offering (IPO). Under Article 1(26) of the Capital Market Law (UUPM), a prospectus contains material information for prospective investors. It must follow principles of full disclosure, accuracy, and investor protection.

II. Mandatory Structure of the Prospectus
The prospectus must include offering information, risk factors, use of proceeds, business overview, audited financial statements, legal matters, and dividend policy.

III. Material Risk Factors
Risks must be specific, material, and clearly explained. Categories include:

  • Industry risks
  • Company-specific risks
  • Financial risks

IV. Use of Proceeds
Companies must disclose how IPO funds will be allocated, including expansion, debt repayment, working capital, or investment.

V. Business & Management Discussion
Includes company history, business model, organizational structure, shareholders, and strategy.

VI. Audited Financial Statements
At least two years of audited financials with an unqualified opinion (WTP) are required.

VII. Legal Information
Based on Legal Due Diligence, covering permits, assets, contracts, litigation, and corporate legality.

VIII. Liability for Prospectus Content
Directors, commissioners, major shareholders, underwriters, and supporting professionals are liable for misleading information under Articles 80–82 of the Capital Market Law.

IX. Conclusion
The prospectus ensures transparency, protects investors, and establishes corporate accountability in the IPO process.

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