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Tahapan IPO dari Perspektif Hukum & Regulasi

Tahapan IPO dari Perspektif Hukum & Regulasi ⚖️ Reina Natamihardja 💼 Professional Legal Insight • 📑 Corporate & Civil Law • 🎯 S...

Tahapan IPO dari Perspektif Hukum & Regulasi

⚖️ Reina Natamihardja

💼 Professional Legal Insight • 📑 Corporate & Civil Law • 🎯 Strategic Advisory

Tahapan IPO dari Perspektif Hukum & Regulasi

OJK • BEI • Corporate Governance • Due Diligence

I. Pendahuluan
Proses Penawaran Umum Perdana (IPO) bukan hanya kegiatan finansial, tetapi suatu proses hukum yang sangat terstruktur dan diatur ketat oleh peraturan pasar modal. Setiap tahapan memiliki implikasi hukum dan kewajiban kepatuhan yang, jika tidak dipenuhi, dapat menggagalkan proses IPO. Oleh karena itu, pemahaman atas tahapan regulatif menjadi kunci keberhasilan perusahaan menuju status sebagai emiten.

II. Tahap 1 — Corporate Preparation & Internal Review
Pada tahap awal, perusahaan melakukan persiapan internal yang meliputi:

  • Penilaian kesiapan korporasi dan tata kelola (GCG readiness),
  • Restrukturisasi permodalan atau kepemilikan bila diperlukan,
  • Penyelarasan organ perseroan dengan ketentuan UUPT.
Dasar hukum: UU No. 40/2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas.

III. Tahap 2 — RUPS Persetujuan IPO
IPO hanya bisa dilakukan setelah memperoleh persetujuan RUPS.
Agenda RUPS meliputi:

  • Persetujuan melakukan IPO,
  • Penetapan jumlah saham yang dilepas ke publik,
  • Perubahan anggaran dasar sesuai ketentuan emiten publik.
Dasar hukum: Pasal 75 & 77 UU PT; Peraturan OJK mengenai emiten.

IV. Tahap 3 — Penunjukan Profesi Penunjang Pasar Modal
Emiten wajib menunjuk:

  • Konsultan Hukum Pasar Modal,
  • Akuntan Publik terdaftar OJK,
  • Penilai Independen,
  • Biro Administrasi Efek,
  • Penjamin Emisi Efek (Underwriter).
Dasar hukum: POJK 66/2017, POJK 7/2017.

V. Tahap 4 — Legal Due Diligence & Financial Audit
Dua pemeriksaan fundamental dilakukan:
1) Legal Due Diligence (LDD) oleh konsultan hukum;
2) Audit Laporan Keuangan oleh Akuntan Publik.
Tujuannya: memastikan perusahaan memenuhi seluruh ketentuan hukum dan tidak memiliki risiko hukum material yang dapat menghambat IPO.

VI. Tahap 5 — Penyusunan Prospektus
Prospektus merupakan dokumen wajib yang memuat:

  • Informasi usaha, keuangan, risiko, manajemen,
  • Tujuan penggunaan dana,
  • Struktur permodalan dan kepemilikan,
  • Faktor risiko usaha dan mitigasinya.
Dasar hukum: UUPM Pasal 70–80; POJK 7/2017.

VII. Tahap 6 — Penyampaian Pernyataan Pendaftaran ke OJK
Emiten menyampaikan dokumen lengkap ke OJK untuk dievaluasi. OJK dapat meminta:

  • Perbaikan prospektus,
  • Penjelasan tambahan,
  • Pemenuhan persyaratan administratif.
Proses ini berlangsung rata-rata 40–90 hari.

VIII. Tahap 7 — Bookbuilding & Penawaran Awal
Penjamin Emisi melakukan penentuan minat pasar dan indikasi harga.
Tujuannya adalah menemukan harga wajar (fair value) sebelum penawaran umum.

IX. Tahap 8 — Efektif dari OJK
OJK akan menetapkan pernyataan pendaftaran menjadi efektif apabila semua persyaratan telah dipenuhi.
Efek hukum: Emiten resmi dapat melakukan penawaran saham kepada publik.

X. Tahap 9 — Penawaran Umum & Allotment
Saham ditawarkan kepada publik melalui mekanisme e-IPO, diikuti distribusi dan penjatahan (allotment) sesuai sistem KSEI.

XI. Tahap 10 — Pencatatan Saham di Bursa (Listing)
Emiten resmi menjadi perusahaan publik setelah sahamnya dicatatkan di BEI.
Dasar hukum: Peraturan BEI No. I-A.

XII. Tahap 11 — Kewajiban Pasca-IPO
Emiten wajib melakukan:

  • Pelaporan berkala (laporan tahunan, laporan keuangan),
  • Pelaporan insidentil (perubahan manajemen, aksi korporasi),
  • Kepatuhan terhadap keterbukaan informasi.
Dasar hukum: POJK 31/2015 tentang Keterbukaan Informasi.

XIII. Kesimpulan
IPO merupakan proses hukum yang berlapis dan menuntut kesiapan korporasi, kepatuhan regulasi, serta tata kelola yang baik. Keberhasilan IPO ditentukan oleh pemenuhan ketentuan hukum sejak tahap persiapan hingga tahap menjadi emiten publik.

I. Introduction
An IPO is not merely a financial activity but a rigorous legal process governed by strict capital market regulations. Each stage carries specific compliance obligations that must be fulfilled to ensure regulatory approval and protect investor confidence.

II. Stage 1 — Corporate Preparation
Assessment of organizational readiness, governance reforms, and alignment with company law.

III. Stage 2 — Shareholders’ Meeting Approval
A formal resolution authorizing the IPO, determining share allocation, and amending the articles of association.

IV. Stage 3 — Appointment of Professional Advisors
Includes legal counsel, public accountants, appraisers, underwriters, and registrar.

V. Stage 4 — Legal Due Diligence & Audit
Comprehensive legal and financial assessments to verify compliance.

VI. Stage 5 — Prospectus Preparation
The core disclosure document outlining business, risk factors, financials, and corporate governance.

VII. Stage 6 — Filing with OJK
Submission of registration documents for regulatory review.

VIII. Stage 7 — Bookbuilding
Determining indicative pricing based on market demand.

IX. Stage 8 — Effective Statement
Regulatory approval enabling public offering.

X. Stage 9 — Public Offering
Execution of public subscription and allotment process.

XI. Stage 10 — Listing in the Stock Exchange
Shares become officially listed and tradable.

XII. Stage 11 — Post-IPO Obligations
Continuous disclosure and governance duties.

XIII. Conclusion
IPO success relies on legal compliance, governance strength, and transparent disclosure across all stages.

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